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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about precisely the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests like insects and mites by using other organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be referred to as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are extremely harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It's a major strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to cost effectively reduce pest densities on big industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism that manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
